A brokered CD is about as easy to understand as a regular, fixed certificate of deposit, as the difference between each on is just what the name implies: you buy it through a broker.

Immediately you’ll think this is a colossal waste of money, as you’ll either be charged a flat fee from the broker, or possibly a percentage for each $1,000 invested, or something similar to that.

For those that are Web-savvy, this first reason for investing in a brokered CD may not sound that valuable, but for many people who use the Internet but aren’t familiar with how to navigate and do fast, accurate searches it is, and that is the availability of a large number of CD options from banks around the country, which your broker should easily be able to access and help you find. Many people in this situation also aren’t familiar with the variety of CDs and their terms (the reason I’ve been writing exhaustively about it recently), so a broker makes sense to them.

The temptation of using a broker to buy you the best available CD on the market is to get one with much higher interest rates than other CDs, without knowing what kind of protection you’re getting. Be sure to ask the broker if the CD is insured by the FDIC. Not all of them are, so that’s a must to know if FDIC insurance is an important part of your financial decision-making process. If an interest rate sounds real high, you’ve got to understand that you’ve assumed more risk.

I’m not talking about small differences in interest rates here, I’m talking about something that may be far higher then the best known regular CD interest rates. So don’t go getting paranoid if you’ve found a good interest rate. Be wary if it’s way above the highest one you could find. In that case be sure your broker knows your risk tolerance so he stays within those parameters for you.

So other than someone that doesn’t understand the Web or a certificate of deposit, what would be the reason for using a broker to acquire a CD?

I’ll use the example of shopping at Wal-Mart. If work 10 hours a day and make $50 an hour, would it be worth your time to go to Wal-Mart for an hour of shopping to save $15. The obvious answer would be know, and many people that make a nice amount of money in a day understand this.

Many of those in business who assess a certain amount of money per hour to their time have this down, and so while knowing they could save money, the cost in time would make that savings not worth it to enjoy. On the other hand, people who don’t make that much an hour or who don’t put a price on their time, will go to Wal-Mart, knowing that overall they’ll save money by shopping there. So if they make $10-an-hour and save $25 while shopping, it’s definitely worth it to spend the time.

That’s the same with a brokered CD. Even if you understand how all the process works, it could be more costly to do the search and take the time to set up and account and place your money than it’s worth. You could very easily save money by focusing on what brings in your $50-an-hour than on a few dollars extra in fees. That’s what the value of a brokered CD is for the most part.

There are some other things that can get a little complicated like being able to sell it on the secondary market, but that’s an entirely different story, and probably doesn’t offer much to the seller unless a buyer is available willing to pay the full value of the CD. Buyers on the secondary CD market are also few and far between, and even if you could find one if you wanted to sell your brokered CD early, it could possibly cost as much as just taking the penalty and getting your money.

In the end, a brokered CD is a good way to buy one if you’re clueless as to finances and want a good interest rate on your CD, or time is a major factor and an extra fee is well worth the savings in time and money you get from doing what is the most profitable with your valuable time.

An Add-on CD is a certificate of deposit with a fixed or variable rate where you can continue to make deposits over the term of the CD.

A little later we’ll get into the purpose for investing in an Add-on CD, but for now let’s look at some of the differences in order to understand what you’re investing in.

While there are no basic differences between a fixed or variable CD or an Add-on fixed or variable CD in and of themselves, the obvious difference is the adding of money to the certificate during its term, otherwise it functions as a normal CD with all its usual functions and protections.

The difference you’re looking for is like any other CD, where there are minimum opening deposits, and also in some cases, minimum additional deposits. There are also some Add-on CDs which require a minimum amount on a monthly basis. For example, you may be required to add $50 a month for the duration of the certificate. This isn’t bad if it falls within the parameters of your investment strategy.

As with any CD, you must be aware of the automatic renewal window, which allows only a certain amount of days to close the CD or allow it to renew.

So why bother with a CD like this at all? In our existing economic conditions, cash is the ultimate contrary asset to hold in the world right now, and so is a good time to hold some, as many people in America are starting to do.

To that end, all of us should have a stash of cash socked away for emergencies, possibly even a little higher than the usually suggested three to six months worth in normal economic times in case of unexpected circumstances. If you’re able to, I would even put away as much as nine months to a years’ worth of cash to protect yourself against the poor economy.

With that in mind, why an Add-on CD works so great is it gives you the option of putting away and building up cash in a way that forces some discipline on you. If you attempt to take it out, you’re hit with a stiff penalty, which is good in my estimation, as it keeps you from spending it on whims and not on truly unexpected things as the consequence of hard times.

One other nice thing about an Add-on CD is it allows you have a shorter waiting period for your money as the CD matures. In other words, if you pay some into it every month, that means it’ll be less time you have to wait for your money as it continues to bear interest for you and build up your personal cash reserves.

If you have a safer investment that could provide better and more flexible returns, you could then put your cash in that to continue to build it up without having to wait long periods of time with all your money. So money you put in over the last several months of an Add-on CD is only tied up for that period of time until the CD matures, and then you can decide from there what your next step will be in reference to building up your cash reserves.

The point is an Add-on CD is a great place to build up your cash on a monthly basis without tapping into it like you easily could with a money market fund or money market account. That’s a good discipline to have when it’s imperative to have some cash on hand during these difficult economic times.

A variable interest rate CD is different from the fixed rate CD in that it is tied into the movement of current interest rates – whether up or down – while the fixed CD interest rate remains the same throughout the duration of the term. So with a fixed rate CD you know what you’ll make over the term of the CD, while with a variable rate CD you won’t.

The strength of a fixed CD is its safety and predictability, while its weakness is if interest rates go up, you don’t get to participate in the better situation; thus the reason for the creation of a variable-rate CD by financial institutions to address that situation.

With a variable-rate CD, if interest rates rise, your interest rate on the CD will rise with it, and if it falls, your interest rate on the CD will fall as well, giving some downside risk. For example, if you have a fixed rate CD and interest rates fall, you will still be able to collect the higher interest rate from the CD.

What this means is we must be aware of the interest rate environment we are currently in to determine the best type of CD to buy. In our current interest rate environment the U.S. government is holding interest rates down in an attempt to stimulate exports and hopefully stimulate the creation of more jobs, or at minimum, keep them from falling even further in the manufacturing sector.

Consequently, the current low interest rates mean that have nowhere to go but up, yet there’s a lot of questions as to the political will to allow that to happen. The thing that must be considered at this time then is when interest rates will be allowed to go up; that ‘s what determines your decision on the type of CD to buy.

If you believer after looking over the overall situation that interest rates will be raised by the Federal Reserve sometime soon, a variable rate CD could be a great way to invest for your safe money. You would probably get similar rates to a fixed CD, yet with upside potential. All of this depends on what bank or financial institution you do business with or buy the CD from, so all that has to be included in your decision-making process and where the interest rates will stand when the variable-rate CD is bought.

In a rising interest rate environment, when comparing a variable-rate CD versus a fixed rate CD, the variable-rate CD will do better.

Finally, check with the institution you plan on buying a variable-rate CD from as to how the interest rates are determined or measured. Banks tie the interest rates of the CD into different instruments, so you want to know what they are. Some, for instance, may track an interest index, while others may tie the interest rates to a U.S. Treasury Note. Either way, you should ask what is the determining factor in the movement of interest rates as it relates to your variable-rate CD.

8In our continuing coverage of CDs, this article we’ll talk about callable CDs, which as with all investments, offers pros and cons if you decide to invest in one.

The first thing to understand with a callable CD is it can be returned by a financial institution before the term ends, along with whatever interest has built up during that time. Along with that, there is included what is named a call-protection provision, which guarantees you will own the CD during that period at the interest rate offered. For example, if you acquired a 3-year CD, it may be callable after you hold it for six months. At that time the bank can end the deal and pay you the principle and interest for that period, without continuing on with the contract.

I want to interject here concerning the reason in talking about CDs in all the various ways you can invest in them; it’s so you can not only discover what’s available out there, but more importantly, to understand what each one has to offer and why. This helps you become a better investor, even if you decide to go outside the relative safety of CDs into another type of more risky investment.

With that in mind, what value would it be for someone to invest in a callable CD, and why would a bank or financial institution offer one?  From the point of view of the bank or financial institution, it shifts the risk concerning interest rates away from the bank to the one buying the CD. Banks are managing their loan portfolio as it applies to interest rates of their deposits, the reason a callable CD is offered.

Why would we want to do something like that? It’s all about return on investment or interest rate yields; you get a higher interest rate for bearing the risk. This isn’t risk to your money invested, but risk as to returns.

During the period of time you own the CD, if interest rates fall, you then will have the bank “call” the CD if the call-protection period is over, causing to lose the higher interest rate you originally had.

How do you determine whether to invest in a callable CD or not? It’s all related to the interest rate environment and if your research shows it’ll fall, plateau, or go up.

The downside for the investor is if the callable CD is in fact called by the bank, it would force the investor to invest at lower interest rates, receiving less on their money.

We’ve been talking a lot about CDs lately on Savingtoolbox.com, and I’m going to continue on with that theme for awhile, as in low-interest rates time like we’re in, banks usually offer up a bunch of diverse CDs to customers to provide a variety of options to suit individual needs, and also to entice them to park their money using some dangling carrots of higher interest rates and flexibility for those looking for better but safe interest returns.

Some of these CD products are called different names by different banks, and sometimes in different parts of the country, so it can become very confusing to those shopping for banking products. For example, we recently looked at what is called bump-up CDs, which can be used to take advantage of higher interest rates, but the owner has the responsibility to check in with their bank sometime in the duration of owning the CD to tell them they want to bump it up to a higher interest rate.

Now with something called a Step-Rate CD or Step Up CD, it’s a little different in that there are guaranteed interst rate increases which the buyer doesn’t have to be concerned about watching, but automatically kick in a specific intervals of the term of ownership.

For example, a 4-year CD may start off at a 4 percent interest rate for a year, and then jump to 4.5 percent after 24 months, and on up as it matures.

What you want to do with something like that is add up the interest rate offered during the term of the CD and divide them by four, or however many years you have it to get an average interest rate for the overall period you own it. That guides you as to whether it’s a good deal or not.

Many Step-rate CDs will be for less time, but still offer interest rate increases at intervals of seven months and so on, so you can still divide by the number of increases over the length of the CD and get the average interest rate for the period of time you own it.

So the difference between a bump-up CD and a Step-rate or step up CD is you’re guaranteed an interest rate at specific intervals and specific rates while you own it. Bump-up CDs on the other hand, only guarantee that you can bump up the rate sometime during the time you own it. Sometimes it’s more than one time, but with many bump-up CDs you only get one crack at it. You’re still guaranteed a minimum interest rate, but it’s less certain as to how much it’ll increase, as it depends on the market.

Step-rate CDs are for those who want certainty and guaranteed returns they don’t have to think about. Bump-up CDs are for more hands-on people who want the chance to make more on their interest rates by watching the market carefully and timing the interest rate bump for the best possible increase.

If these types of CDs are called something different when you’re checking them out, just remember the differences shown in the above paragraph and you’ll understand what they do no matter what name is applied to them.

Hudson City Savings Bank (OTC:HCFB) which serves the Connecticut, New Jersey and New York markets, is now offering some of the best CD rates in America, paying out 2.50% APY on 24-month certificates of deposit and a 3.00% APY on 36-month CDs.

As far as I’ve been able to find, there are no other banks that offer higher CD rates than this, although Flagstar Bank is offering the same interest rates on their 36-month CDs.

Here are the current terms of the CD as of this writing:

• 3.00% APY 3-Year CD ($5,000 minimum balance)
• 2.50% APY 2-Year CD ($5,000 minimum balance) 
• 1.75% APY Internet Money Market Savings ($2,500 minimum balance)

If you want to invest in the 3-Year CD, it’ll cost you $5,000, but if you live in the three states Hudson City Savings Bank serves, you can get in as low as $500. 

There are no other local limitations, and you can apply for the CD at the national level, i.e. it doesn’t matter where you live in the U.S., you can get in on the great interest rates.

Hudson City Savings Bank has been named as “The Most Efficient Bank” more than once, which allows them to offer better rates than the majority of their competitors, as you can see with the CD rates I mentioned here. They have 125 branches in the 3-state area they physically operate in.

CDs acquired from Hudson are insured by the FDIC for up to $250,000 until the end of 2009, where, along with all banking investments, will revert back to the former $100,000 per customer, unless that is changed. For now that is the known circumstances concerning insuring all banking accounts under the FDIC umbrella.

Do go to the bank’s web site to confirm the CD rates, as then can change quickly. But as of October 2, the CD rates stand as I’ve written here.

Other than a different name, a liquid CD is really not much different than a regular Cd, with the obvious exception of having access to you capital at any time.

You may also ask, if that’s the case, wouldn’t it be the same as a money market account and savings account? The answer would be: absolutely yes – but with an exception we’ll get into in a moment.

So you don’t get confused, a liquid CD is still a CD. You buy it in the same way you would a regular CD, only now you have access to your cash when you want it.

Similar to a regular CD, a liquid CD will also be insured by the FDIC, but your allowed withdrawals will be penalty-free, in contrast to a regular CD.

One thing to keep in mind when looking at investing in a liquid CD is the terms offered by the various institutions. In some cases a bank will cap the amount you can withdraw, so the liquidity offered is limited. In these cases there should be a trade-off of a higher interest rate in comparison to other liquid CDs offered by other banks, otherwise there would be no incentive to buy one.

Other limitiations some banks include are how many withdrawals you can make within a specified time period, or some banks leave the entire withdrawal situation alone and allow you to withdraw however much you want when you want. Again, if there are restrictions, look for higher interest rates or don’t bother with them, as there’s no reason in the world to get a limited product that is offered by someone else with the same or higher interest rates with no limitations. If there’s no added incentive to buy a CD with limits on withdrawals, simply pass on it and buy one that allows unlimited withdrawals with similar interest rates.

Now the interesting thing about a liquid CD, is it might be marketed by a bank as a great alternative to a regular CD, and it is as far as liquidity goes. But the problem is there are already savings products available like a money market account and a regular savings account where you have liquidity already.

So why would you even want to consider a liquid CD if there’s no real obvious advantage to buying one? The answer is it has to do with interest rates.

If we’re in a time of interest rates falling, then acquiring a liquid CD instead of using a savings account or money market account makes sense, as it will protect you from lowered returns during that period, while having immediate access to your money.

But if interest rates are bottomed out, like they are as of this writing, a liquid CD really offers no value at all, and performs exactly the same a a money market or savings account. It won’t hurt you, but it won’t help you either. The only thing it could do is lock you in to lower interest rates, keeping you from enjoying better returns.

Consequently, in a low interest rate environment like we are in today, there is no value in a liquid CD, and if you think interest rates will rise sometime soon, you could miss out if you’re locked into a liquid CD rate.

On the other hand, if interest rates start to move up and look like they’ll start declining again, a liquid CD makes sense, and it is the only real time it adds any value to your savings strategy.

While a bump-up CD is as safe as any CD, there is an included benefit, which when used right, can be a great way to take advantage of interest rates when the interest rate environment is one that is rising.

The duration of a bump-up CD can change from financial institution to financial institution, along with the interest rates offered, so you obviously need to do your homework concerning that.

What a bump-up CD is is just what it sounds like. If you buy a CD that has the bump-up option, what that does is allow you to participate in increased interest rates by telling your financial institution you want the new and higher rate as they’re offered. It’s as simple as that. If the interest rates rise, you contact who you bought the CD from and tell them you want the higher rate. It’s obvious, but you must buy a bump-up CD to get this. You can’t just buy a CD and tell the bank to bump it up, it doesn’t work that way.

The reason why, is the original bump-up CD will carry a slightly lower market rate at the time you buy it. A bank or financial institution will gamble that the interest rates won’t go higher during the time you own the CD, while you’re gambling it will, by buying the slightly lower interest rate. So in essence, both the bank and you are offering one another a carrot and a stick to make the transaction.

If interest rates don’t go up during the time you own the CD, the bank wins because they got use of your money at a better rate than they did from others, thus making more profit. If the interest rates do go up, you win, assuming they go higher than the market rate offered for regular CDs, so the bank makes less profits on your money, while you make a better return.

As a bump-up CD will be insured like any other CD, the risk isn’t in losing your money, the risk is in possibly making a smaller return.

So the obvious time to buy a bump-up CD is when it’s close to certain interest rates will start to rise, so you can essentially lock in a higher interest rate by temporarily accepting a smaller one until the higher rates kick in.

The other thing to take into consideration is the length of time it will take an interest rate to rise. You want to buy a bump-up CD when you believe there will be significant hikes in the interest rates … and soon, as the longer it takes to rise, the less chance you’ll have of making up the difference in interest rates when you first bought them, as it would have to rise fast and high the closer it gets to the end of the ownership period.
 
The strategy would be to buy them as close to the expected interest rate hike as you can, as that would give a CD the chance to move up a couple of times during the time you own it, giving you a much higher interest rate than you would have if you had bought a conventional CD.

Be sure to check with the institution as to how many bump-ups you’re allowed, as at times they’ll limit it to two or less, so you want to be sure if the interest rates rise, that you get the bump.

Also remember that just because the interest rate rises, doesn’t mean the bump automatically kicks in or you have to trigger it. The couple of bumps allowed by most banks can be taken an any time while you own the CD, and so you must keep a careful eye on when the best time will be.

One other thing to watch for is some banks require you to extend the length of the CD when you bump it up.

Keep all these factors in mind when looking into a bump-up CD. They can be great personal finance tools to use to get a better return on your money. Just understand what the bank or financial institution you’re buying it from requires, and watch the Federal Reserve and any expected announcements as to interest rate increases.

Most the times the consensus from analysts is pretty much on the money as to when interest rates will rise, the only question usually how many basis points.